Construção e validação de uma escala de esperança para mulheres com câncer de mama
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Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas)
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A Esperança pode ser entendida como a capacidade de um indivíduo de encontrar motivação e caminhos para alcançar metas. A Esperança é uma das Forças de Caráter. Estas forças se apresentam não apenas em bons momentos da vida, mas principalmente em tempos desafiadores, como na vivência do câncer de mama. O objetivo principal deste estudo é apresentar a construção e investigar as evidências de validade da Escala de Esperança para Mulheres com Câncer de Mama (EECM). Os objetivos específicos foram: (a) construir itens relacionados à Esperança para mulheres com câncer de mama, com base na literatura e realizar uma análise de conteúdo da EECM a partir de juízes especialistas; (b) realizar uma análise de validade com variáveis externas por meio da comparação da EECM com escalas de Otimismo e Esperança; e (c) comparar nível de Esperança de mulheres em tratamento com mulheres que já finalizaram o tratamento. A amostra foi composta por 182 mulheres com diagnóstico de Câncer de Mama com idades entre 27 e 82 anos (M=48,49; DP=9,93), divididas em Grupo 1, formado por mulheres que ainda estavam em tratamento (n=118), e Grupo 2, mulheres que já haviam finalizado as intervenções para o Câncer de Mama (n=69). Os instrumentos utilizados foram: um questionário biográfico e clínico, a EECM, a Escala de Esperança de Herth e Escala LOT-R de Otimismo. A escala inicialmente composta por 60 itens foi reduzida para 45 itens após análise de juízes. A concordância calculada pelo coeficiente Kappa foi estatisticamente moderada entre todos os juízes (k=0,517). A correlação de Pearson indicou que existiram correlações significativas e de forte magnitude da escala EECM com a escalas de Herth e LOT-R. Na comparação entre os resultados totais das escalas, foi percebido que não há diferenças de média significativas (p>0,05) entre os grupos para as escalas EECM e LOT-R, apenas foi observado na escala de Esperança de Herth. Em conclusão, a escala EECM possui evidências de validade e pode ser utilizada para investigar a Esperança em mulheres com Câncer de Mama.
Hope can be understood as an individual's capacity to generate motivation and identify pathways to achieve personal goals. Hope is considered one of the character strengths that emerge during not only positive life circumstances but also especially in challenging situations, such as the experience of breast cancer. The main objective of this study was to present the development and investigate validity evidence for the Hope Scale for Women With Breast Cancer (EECM). The specific objectives were to (a) construct hope-related items for women with breast cancer based on the literature and conduct a content validity analysis through expert judges, (b) examine validity evidence based on relations with external variables by comparing the EECM with measures of optimism and hope, and (c) compare hope levels between women undergoing treatment and those who had completed breast cancer treatment. The sample consisted of 182 women diagnosed with breast cancer aged between 27 and 82 years (M = 48.49, SD = 9.93), divided into Group 1, composed of women currently undergoing treatment (n = 118), and Group 2, composed of women who had completed treatment interventions (n = 69). Instruments included a biographical and clinical questionnaire, the EECM, the Herth Hope Index, and the Life Orientation Test–Revised (LOT-R). The scale, initially composed of 60 items, was reduced to 45 items following expert judgment analysis. Interrater agreement assessed using Cohen’s kappa indicated statistically moderate agreement among judges (κ = .52). Pearson correlations revealed significant and strong associations between the EECM and both the Herth Hope Index and the LOT-R. Comparisons between total scale scores showed no significant mean differences (p > .05) between groups for the EECM and LOT-R, whereas differences were observed only for the Herth Hope Index. These findings provide validity evidence supporting the use of the EECM to assess hope in women with breast cancer.
Hope can be understood as an individual's capacity to generate motivation and identify pathways to achieve personal goals. Hope is considered one of the character strengths that emerge during not only positive life circumstances but also especially in challenging situations, such as the experience of breast cancer. The main objective of this study was to present the development and investigate validity evidence for the Hope Scale for Women With Breast Cancer (EECM). The specific objectives were to (a) construct hope-related items for women with breast cancer based on the literature and conduct a content validity analysis through expert judges, (b) examine validity evidence based on relations with external variables by comparing the EECM with measures of optimism and hope, and (c) compare hope levels between women undergoing treatment and those who had completed breast cancer treatment. The sample consisted of 182 women diagnosed with breast cancer aged between 27 and 82 years (M = 48.49, SD = 9.93), divided into Group 1, composed of women currently undergoing treatment (n = 118), and Group 2, composed of women who had completed treatment interventions (n = 69). Instruments included a biographical and clinical questionnaire, the EECM, the Herth Hope Index, and the Life Orientation Test–Revised (LOT-R). The scale, initially composed of 60 items, was reduced to 45 items following expert judgment analysis. Interrater agreement assessed using Cohen’s kappa indicated statistically moderate agreement among judges (κ = .52). Pearson correlations revealed significant and strong associations between the EECM and both the Herth Hope Index and the LOT-R. Comparisons between total scale scores showed no significant mean differences (p > .05) between groups for the EECM and LOT-R, whereas differences were observed only for the Herth Hope Index. These findings provide validity evidence supporting the use of the EECM to assess hope in women with breast cancer.
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FARIA, Ellen Carolina de Paula. Construção e validação de uma escala de esperança para mulheres com câncer de mama. 2026. 120 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Psicologia) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Escola de Ciências da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campinas, 2026.
