Indústria Petrolífera em tempos de transição energética: caminhos para a sustentabilidade
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Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas)
Resumo
Esta monografia analisa a indústria do petróleo em tempos de transição energética,
buscando compreender como esse setor, historicamente central para o desenvolvimento
econômico e tecnológico, pode alinhar-se a uma trajetória de economia sustentável. Com
base em revisão bibliográfica e análise documental de relatórios e bases estatísticas, o
Capítulo I discute a formação e a consolidação da indústria petrolífera, sua estrutura
produtiva marcada por elevada concentração e integração vertical, o papel predominante
da inovação de processo e as diferenças entre a matriz energética mundial, ainda
fortemente dependente de combustíveis fósseis, e a matriz brasileira, mais intensiva em
fontes renováveis. O Capítulo II aprofunda os aspectos econômicos da atividade
petrolífera, examinando a evolução e a geografia da demanda, a configuração da oferta
global, o papel de empresas estatais e grandes corporações, bem como a estrutura de
custos de exploração, desenvolvimento e produção, evidenciando como riscos
geológicos, volatilidade de preços e disputas geopolíticas condicionam investimentos e
estratégias empresariais. O Capítulo III discute a economia sustentável e as estratégias
de redução de danos na indústria do petróleo, abordando os impactos ambientais ao
longo de toda a cadeia de valor, as oportunidades de mitigação por meio de melhorias
operacionais, gestão de emissões e resíduos, e a integração gradual de tecnologias e
fontes sustentáveis, como energias renováveis, biocombustíveis e soluções de captura e
armazenamento de dióxido de carbono, além do papel de políticas públicas, regulação e
instrumentos econômicos na orientação dos investimentos privados. Conclui-se que a
indústria do petróleo tende a permanecer relevante nos curto e médio prazos, mas sua
legitimidade econômica e social dependerá da capacidade de reduzir emissões,
diversificar portfólios e contribuir de forma efetiva para uma transição energética justa e
de baixo carbono.
This monograph analyzes the oil industry in times of energy transition, seeking to understand how this sector, historically central to economic and technological development, can align itself with a path toward a sustainable economy. Based on bibliographic review and documentary analysis of reports and statistical databases, Chapter I discusses the formation and consolidation of the oil industry, its productive structure marked by high concentration and vertical integration, the predominant role of process innovation, and the differences between the global energy matrix, still heavily dependent on fossil fuels, and the Brazilian matrix, which relies more on renewable sources. Chapter II delves into the economic aspects of oil activity, examining the evolution and geography of demand, the configuration of global supply, the role of state owned and large multinational corporations, as well as the structure of exploration, development, and production costs, highlighting how geological risks, price volatility, and geopolitical disputes influence investments and business strategies. Chapter III discusses the sustainable economy and damage reduction strategies within the oil industry, addressing environmental impacts throughout the entire value chain, opportunities for mitigation through operational improvements, emissions and waste management, and the gradual integration of sustainable technologies and energy sources such as renewables, biofuels, and carbon capture and storage solutions, in addition to the role of public policies, regulation, and economic instruments in guiding private investment. It concludes that the oil industry is likely to remain relevant in the short and medium term, but its economic and social legitimacy will depend on its ability to reduce emissions, diversify its portfolio, and effectively contribute to a fair, low-carbon energy transition.
This monograph analyzes the oil industry in times of energy transition, seeking to understand how this sector, historically central to economic and technological development, can align itself with a path toward a sustainable economy. Based on bibliographic review and documentary analysis of reports and statistical databases, Chapter I discusses the formation and consolidation of the oil industry, its productive structure marked by high concentration and vertical integration, the predominant role of process innovation, and the differences between the global energy matrix, still heavily dependent on fossil fuels, and the Brazilian matrix, which relies more on renewable sources. Chapter II delves into the economic aspects of oil activity, examining the evolution and geography of demand, the configuration of global supply, the role of state owned and large multinational corporations, as well as the structure of exploration, development, and production costs, highlighting how geological risks, price volatility, and geopolitical disputes influence investments and business strategies. Chapter III discusses the sustainable economy and damage reduction strategies within the oil industry, addressing environmental impacts throughout the entire value chain, opportunities for mitigation through operational improvements, emissions and waste management, and the gradual integration of sustainable technologies and energy sources such as renewables, biofuels, and carbon capture and storage solutions, in addition to the role of public policies, regulation, and economic instruments in guiding private investment. It concludes that the oil industry is likely to remain relevant in the short and medium term, but its economic and social legitimacy will depend on its ability to reduce emissions, diversify its portfolio, and effectively contribute to a fair, low-carbon energy transition.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Indústria do petróleo, Inovação tecnológica, Demanda e oferta de petróleo, Custos de produção, Economia sustentável, Transição energética, Impactos ambientais, Tecnologias de baixo carbono, Oil industry, Technological innovation, Oil demand and supply, Production costs, Sustainable economy, Energy transition, Environmental impacts, Low-carbon technologies
Citação
MORETTI, Leticia Migot. Indústria petrolífera em tempos de transição energética: caminhos para a sustentabilidade. 2025. Monografia (Graduação em Ciências Econômicas) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campinas, 2025.
