Neocalvinismo holandês: (re)construindo o itinerário
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Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas)
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Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo o Neocalvinismo holandês, movimento de reforma religiosa e cultural inaugurado pelo calvinista Abraham Kuyper, no século XIX. Com uma trajetória acadêmica e política bastante fértil, Kuyper ampliou a teologia de Calvino, buscando apontar o calvinismo como sistema de vida abrangente, com sentido histórico, filosófico e político. O Neocalvinismo nasce em meio às transformações do mundo moderno, que afetaram o estatuto cultural da religião, colocando-a ao lado de outras esferas de valor. Essas transformações, tendo sido iniciadas nos séculos precedentes com o choque do racionalismo iluminista, combinadas à profunda crise da ortodoxia protestante, levaram Kuyper a propor um retorno à objetividade teológica para salvaguardar a herança cristã, que julgava ameaçada pelas concepções modernas de mundo. Assim, o teólogo remonta ao pensamento calvinista, apontando suas contribuições à religião, política, ciência e arte. O Neocalvinismo holandês chega ao Brasil a partir das primeiras publicações do teólogo americano Francis Schaeffer e da instituição paraeclesiática L’Abri, responsável por propagar o pensamento schaefferiano e tornar conhecidos os autores neocalvinistas, cujas obras visam à instrumentalização dos crentes para seu envolvimento nos espaços públicos. A instituição paraeclesiástica “L’Abri Brasil” se caracteriza, assim, como uma importante interlocutora nesse processo. Deste modo, busca-se explorar as raízes do Neocalvinismo holandês acolhido no Brasil, (re)construindo, portanto, seu itinerário até Francis Schaeffer, que pode ter implicado numa “americanização” do movimento. Esta pesquisa se justifica pela necessidade de contribuir com as discussões acerca do ativismo religioso na esfera pública, apontando para um objeto que, inserido no protestantismo histórico, é pouco explorado no campo das Ciências da Religião em abordagem sociológica. Nosso compromisso é interpretar as manifestações da religião, sem, no entanto, questionar as experiências religiosas dos indivíduos envolvidos na pesquisa. Objetiva-se: 1) apresentar a tradição teológica em que o Neocalvinismo holandês se insere: o protestantismo calvinista; 2) identificar o contexto de seu surgimento e discorrer sobre sua proposta, especialmente no que tange à relação entre religião e política a partir dos seus principais expoentes: Abraham Kuyper e Herman Dooyeweerd; 3) analisar o conteúdo dos discursos de Francis Schaeffer, buscando identificar sua relação com o movimento e apontar seus impactos no âmbito político; 4) analisar os aspectos que se destacam no itinerário percorrido, fornecendo, assim, elementos teóricos para uma leitura crítica e cautelosa da recepção do Neocalvinismo em nosso contexto. No que se refere ao método, trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória combinada à técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica. Para compreensão dos dados coletados, optamos pelo tratamento qualitativo a partir do método hermenêutico-dialético e da análise do conteúdo do discurso.
This research has as object of study the Dutch Neocalvinism, movement of religious and cultural reform inaugurated by the Calvinist Abraham Kuyper in the 19th century. With a very fertile academic and political trajectory, Kuyper expanded Calvin's theology, seeking to point to Calvinism as a comprehensive system of life, with a historical, philosophical and political meaning. Neocalvinism was born amid the transformations of the modern world, which affected the cultural status of religion, placing it alongside other spheres of value. These transformations, having begun in the preceding centuries with the shock of Enlightenment rationalism, combined with the profound crisis of Protestant orthodoxy, led Kuyper to propose a return to theological objectivity to safeguard the Christian heritage, which he considered threatened by modern worldviews. Thus, the theologian goes back to Calvinist thought, pointing out his contributions to religion, politics, science and art. Dutch Neocalvinism enters Brazil from the first publications of the American theologian Francis Schaeffer and the paraecclesiastical institution L'Abri, responsible for spreading Schaefferian thinking and making known neocalvinist authors, whose works aim to instrumentalize believers for their involvement in public spaces. The para-ecclesiastical institution “L’Abri Brazil” is thus characterized as an important interlocutor in this process. In this way, we seek to explore the roots of Dutch Neocalvinism welcomed in Brazil, (re) building, therefore, its itinerary to Francis Schaeffer, which may have implied an “Americanization” of the movement. This research is justified by the need to contribute to the discussions about religious activism in the public sphere, pointing to an object that, inserted in historical Protestantism, is little explored in the field of Sciences of Religion under a sociological approach. Our commitment is to interpret the manifestations of religion, without, however, questioning the religious experiences of the individuals involved in the research. The objective is: 1) to present the theological tradition in which Dutch Neocalvinism is inserted: Calvinist Protestant; 2) to identify the context of its emergence and discuss its proposal, especially with regard to the relationship between religion and politics from its main exponents: Abraham Kuyper and Herman Dooyeweerd; 3) analyze the content of Francis Schaeffer's speeches, seeking to identify his relationship with the movement and point out its impacts in the political sphere; 4) to analyze the aspects that stand out in the itinerary covered, thus providing theoretical elements for a critical and cautious reading of the reception of Neocalvinism in our context. With regard to the method, it is an exploratory research combined with the technique of bibliographic research. To understand the data collected, we opted for qualitative treatment based on the hermeneutic-dialectic method and the analysis of the content of the discourse.
This research has as object of study the Dutch Neocalvinism, movement of religious and cultural reform inaugurated by the Calvinist Abraham Kuyper in the 19th century. With a very fertile academic and political trajectory, Kuyper expanded Calvin's theology, seeking to point to Calvinism as a comprehensive system of life, with a historical, philosophical and political meaning. Neocalvinism was born amid the transformations of the modern world, which affected the cultural status of religion, placing it alongside other spheres of value. These transformations, having begun in the preceding centuries with the shock of Enlightenment rationalism, combined with the profound crisis of Protestant orthodoxy, led Kuyper to propose a return to theological objectivity to safeguard the Christian heritage, which he considered threatened by modern worldviews. Thus, the theologian goes back to Calvinist thought, pointing out his contributions to religion, politics, science and art. Dutch Neocalvinism enters Brazil from the first publications of the American theologian Francis Schaeffer and the paraecclesiastical institution L'Abri, responsible for spreading Schaefferian thinking and making known neocalvinist authors, whose works aim to instrumentalize believers for their involvement in public spaces. The para-ecclesiastical institution “L’Abri Brazil” is thus characterized as an important interlocutor in this process. In this way, we seek to explore the roots of Dutch Neocalvinism welcomed in Brazil, (re) building, therefore, its itinerary to Francis Schaeffer, which may have implied an “Americanization” of the movement. This research is justified by the need to contribute to the discussions about religious activism in the public sphere, pointing to an object that, inserted in historical Protestantism, is little explored in the field of Sciences of Religion under a sociological approach. Our commitment is to interpret the manifestations of religion, without, however, questioning the religious experiences of the individuals involved in the research. The objective is: 1) to present the theological tradition in which Dutch Neocalvinism is inserted: Calvinist Protestant; 2) to identify the context of its emergence and discuss its proposal, especially with regard to the relationship between religion and politics from its main exponents: Abraham Kuyper and Herman Dooyeweerd; 3) analyze the content of Francis Schaeffer's speeches, seeking to identify his relationship with the movement and point out its impacts in the political sphere; 4) to analyze the aspects that stand out in the itinerary covered, thus providing theoretical elements for a critical and cautious reading of the reception of Neocalvinism in our context. With regard to the method, it is an exploratory research combined with the technique of bibliographic research. To understand the data collected, we opted for qualitative treatment based on the hermeneutic-dialectic method and the analysis of the content of the discourse.
